Java备忘录模式

备忘录模式保存对象内部状态，以便以后恢复。

模式定义

意图：在不破坏封装前提下，捕获对象内部状态，以便以后恢复。

适用场景

需要保存/恢复对象状态
撤销功能
事务回滚
游戏存档

模式结构

备忘录类

Java

public class Memento {
    private String state;  // 状态快照

    public Memento(String state) {
        this.state = state;
    }

    public String getState() {
        return state;
    }
}

发起人类

Java

public class Originator {
    private String state;

    public void setState(String state) {
        this.state = state;
    }

    public String getState() {
        return state;
    }

    // 创建备忘录
    public Memento createMemento() {
        return new Memento(state);
    }

    // 从备忘录恢复
    public void restoreMemento(Memento memento) {
        this.state = memento.getState();
    }
}

管理人类

Java

public class Caretaker {
    private List<Memento> mementos = new ArrayList<>();

    public void addMemento(Memento memento) {
        mementos.add(memento);
    }

    public Memento getMemento(int index) {
        return mementos.get(index);
    }

    public Memento getLastMemento() {
        if (!mementos.isEmpty()) {
            return mementos.get(mementos.size() - 1);
        }
        return null;
    }
}

使用示例

Java

Originator originator = new Originator();
Caretaker caretaker = new Caretaker();

originator.setState("状态1");
caretaker.addMemento(originator.createMemento());

originator.setState("状态2");
caretaker.addMemento(originator.createMemento());

originator.setState("状态3");
System.out.println("当前状态: " + originator.getState());  // 状态3

// 恢复到状态2
originator.restoreMemento(caretaker.getMemento(1));
System.out.println("恢复后: " + originator.getState());    // 状态2

// 恢复到状态1
originator.restoreMemento(caretaker.getMemento(0));
System.out.println("恢复后: " + originator.getState());    // 状态1

实际应用示例

文本编辑器

Java

public class TextEditor {
    private String text;

    public void write(String text) {
        this.text = text;
    }

    public String getText() {
        return text;
    }

    public TextMemento save() {
        return new TextMemento(text);
    }

    public void restore(TextMemento memento) {
        this.text = memento.getText();
    }
}

public class TextMemento {
    private String text;

    public TextMemento(String text) {
        this.text = text;
    }

    public String getText() {
        return text;
    }
}

public class History {
    private Stack<TextMemento> history = new Stack<>();

    public void push(TextMemento memento) {
        history.push(memento);
    }

    public TextMemento pop() {
        return history.isEmpty() ? null : history.pop();
    }
}

// 使用
TextEditor editor = new TextEditor();
History history = new History();

editor.write("Hello");
history.push(editor.save());

editor.write("Hello World");
history.push(editor.save());

editor.write("Hello World!");
System.out.println(editor.getText());  // Hello World!

// 撤销
editor.restore(history.pop());
System.out.println(editor.getText());  // Hello World

游戏存档

Java

public class GameRole {
    private int hp;
    private int mp;
    private int level;

    public void setHp(int hp) { this.hp = hp; }
    public void setMp(int mp) { this.mp = mp; }
    public void setLevel(int level) { this.level = level; }

    public RoleMemento saveState() {
        return new RoleMemento(hp, mp, level);
    }

    public void restoreState(RoleMemento memento) {
        this.hp = memento.getHp();
        this.mp = memento.getMp();
        this.level = memento.getLevel();
    }

    public void display() {
        System.out.println("HP:" + hp + " MP:" + mp + " Level:" + level);
    }
}

public class RoleMemento {
    private int hp;
    private int mp;
    private int level;

    public RoleMemento(int hp, int mp, int level) {
        this.hp = hp;
        this.mp = mp;
        this.level = level;
    }

    public int getHp() { return hp; }
    public int getMp() { return mp; }
    public int getLevel() { return level; }
}

备忘录封装性

备忘录只应被发起人访问，可通过内部类实现：

Java

public class Originator {
    private String state;

    // 内部类备忘录，外部无法访问
    public class Memento {
        private String state;

        private Memento(String state) {
            this.state = state;
        }

        private String getState() {
            return state;
        }
    }

    public Memento createMemento() {
        return new Memento(state);
    }

    public void restoreMemento(Memento memento) {
        this.state = memento.getState();
    }
}

备忘录模式优点

不破坏封装保存状态
简化状态恢复逻辑
支持多次撤销

备忘录模式缺点

备忘录占用内存
管理备忘录增加复杂度

注意事项

备忘录应只对发起人开放

大对象状态保存考虑内存开销

可结合命令模式实现撤销重做

状态过多时可选择性保存关键状态

要点总结

备忘录模式保存对象状态以便恢复
Originator创建和恢复备忘录
Caretaker管理备忘录，不修改内容
备忘录应保持封装性，只对发起人开放
适用于撤销功能、事务回滚、游戏存档